%%
%% \CharacterTable
%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
%%
% \CheckSum{2048}
% \iffalse
%
% \changes{1.0}{2003/07/02}{First release}
%
% \section{Identification}
% This is document class Octavo, which can be used with \LaTeX\ only,
% so prepare to display a message if another \TeX\ format is used.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<octavo>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
% \end{macrocode}
%
% Announce the Class name and its version:
% \begin{macrocode}
%<octavo>\ProvidesClass{octavo}
%<10pt>\ProvidesFile{oct10.clo}
%<11pt>\ProvidesFile{oct11.clo}
%<12pt>\ProvidesFile{oct12.clo}
%<*driver>
\ProvidesFile{octavo.drv}
%</driver>
[2007/03/07 v1.2
%<octavo> a LaTeX document class]
%<10pt|11pt|12pt> a LaTeX file (size option)]
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \section{The driver for this document}
% Now comes the code for the document driver, that is to say, the file
% which produces the documentation upon extraction from this .dtx file
% by the docstrip program.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*driver>
]
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
% \end{macrocode}
%
% Not everything has to appear in the index
% \begin{macrocode}
\DoNotIndex{\',\.,\@M,\@@input,\@Alph,\@alph,\@addtoreset,\@arabic}
\DoNotIndex{\@badmath,\@centercr,\@cite}
\DoNotIndex{\@dotsep,\@empty,\@float,\@gobble,\@gobbletwo,\@ignoretrue}
\DoNotIndex{\@input,\@ixpt,\@m,\@minus,\@mkboth}
\DoNotIndex{\@ne,\@nil,\@nomath,\@plus,\roman,\@set@topoint}
\DoNotIndex{\@tempboxa,\@tempcnta,\@tempdima,\@tempdimb}
\DoNotIndex{\@tempswafalse,\@tempswatrue,\@viipt,\@viiipt,\@vipt}
\DoNotIndex{\@vpt,\@warning,\@xiipt,\@xipt,\@xivpt,\@xpt,\@xviipt}
\DoNotIndex{\@xxpt,\@xxvpt,\\,\ ,\addpenalty,\addtolength,\addvspace}
\DoNotIndex{\advance,\ast,\begin,\begingroup,\bfseries,\bgroup,\box}
\DoNotIndex{\bullet}
\DoNotIndex{\cdot,\cite,\CodelineIndex,\cr,\day,\DeclareOption}
\DoNotIndex{\def,\DisableCrossrefs,\divide,\DocInput,\documentclass}
\DoNotIndex{\DoNotIndex,\egroup,\ifdim,\else,\fi,\em,\endtrivlist}
\DoNotIndex{\EnableCrossrefs,\end,\end@dblfloat,\end@float,\endgroup}
\DoNotIndex{\endlist,\everycr,\everypar,\ExecuteOptions,\expandafter}
\DoNotIndex{\fbox}
\DoNotIndex{\filedate,\filename,\fileversion,\fontsize,\framebox,\gdef}
\DoNotIndex{\global,\halign,\hangindent,\hbox,\hfil,\hfill,\hrule}
\DoNotIndex{\hsize,\hskip,\hspace,\hss,\if@tempswa,\ifcase,\or,\fi,\fi}
\DoNotIndex{\ifhmode,\ifvmode,\ifnum,\iftrue,\ifx,\fi,\fi,\fi,\fi,\fi}
\DoNotIndex{\input}
\DoNotIndex{\jobname,\kern,\leavevmode,\let,\leftmark}
\DoNotIndex{\list,\llap,\long,\m@ne,\m@th,\mark,\markboth,\markright}
\DoNotIndex{\month,\newcommand,\newcounter,\newenvironment}
\DoNotIndex{\NeedsTeXFormat,\newdimen}
\DoNotIndex{\newlength,\newpage,\nobreak,\noindent,\null,\number}
\DoNotIndex{\numberline,\OldMakeindex,\OnlyDescription,\p@}
\DoNotIndex{\pagestyle,\par,\paragraph,\paragraphmark,\parfillskip}
\DoNotIndex{\penalty,\PrintChanges,\PrintIndex,\ProcessOptions}
\DoNotIndex{\protect,\ProvidesClass,\raggedbottom,\raggedright}
\DoNotIndex{\refstepcounter,\relax,\renewcommand}
\DoNotIndex{\rightmargin,\rightmark,\rightskip,\rlap,\rmfamily}
\DoNotIndex{\secdef,\selectfont,\setbox,\setcounter,\setlength}
\DoNotIndex{\settowidth,\sfcode,\skip,\sloppy,\slshape,\space}
\DoNotIndex{\symbol,\the,\trivlist,\typeout,\tw@,\undefined,\uppercase}
\DoNotIndex{\usecounter,\usefont,\usepackage,\vfil,\vfill,\viiipt}
\DoNotIndex{\viipt,\vipt,\vskip,\vspace}
\DoNotIndex{\wd,\xiipt,\year,\z@}
% \end{macrocode}
% Generate an index using linenumbers
% \begin{macrocode}
\EnableCrossrefs
\CodelineIndex
\RecordChanges
% \end{macrocode}
% Retrieve date and version information from the file
% \begin{macrocode}
\GetFileInfo{octavo.drv}
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macrocode}
\begin{document}
\DocInput{octavo.dtx}
\PrintIndex
\end{document}
%</driver>
% \end{macrocode}
% \fi
%
% \title{The Octavo Package}
% \author{Stefan A. Revets}
% \date{Version \fileversion, \filedate}
% \maketitle
% \tableofcontents
%
% \section{Introduction}
%
% Donald Knuth developed \TeX\ because of the dissatisfaction he felt
% with the commercial typesetting of his books `The Art of Computer
% programming'~\cite{knuth98}. The program grew into a typesetting system, with
% a great deal of attention and ingenuity devoted to the calculations of the
% placement of letters, words and paragraphs on a page. More people began
% to use \TeX, and, with the advent of \LaTeX, ready-made class files
% became part of the system. These style files tend to show off the
% capabilities of the system, rather than conform to good design, or, as
% Philip Taylor~\cite{taylor98,taylor99} put it `\ldots all of which shriek
% ``\TeX'' from every page'.
%
% Class files have been proposed and are available from CTAN which give the more
% fastidious user the means with which to moderate at least some of the excesses
% of the standard \LaTeX\ styles. The KOMA package is a good example, and so
% is the excellent Memoir class of Peter Wilson~\cite{wilson01}. The manual
% of this package is a worthwhile read, especially since works on design and
% style in book making are not all that easy to obtain.
%
% \subsection{Background}
%
% To \emph{make} a book is an interesting and somewhat involved
% process~\cite{town}. The text is set in type and printed on paper, the pages
% are gathered and folded into signatures, and these are then bound and covered.
%
% The printing is done on large sheets of paper, which may have to be cut before
% hey are folded into signatures. These are passed on to the the bookbinder who
% sews the signatures into the book proper. As is so often the case with
% venerable crafts, a florid terminology developed which facilitated contacts
% between the guilds of printers and binders, while at the same time inspiring
% some sort of grudging respect in the uninitiated, keeping them at bay.
%
% The sheets of paper, the broadsides, came in a limited number of more or less
% standard sizes. These sheets are known under the names Foolscap, Crown,
% Post, Demy, Medium, Royal, Super Royal and Imperial. Folding the sheets
% adds another set of terms: a single fold yields a Folio, a double fold a
% Quarto, a triple fold an Octavo and so on. Hence, the combination of a
% sheetname and the number of folds denotes a particular and precise size of
% the book~\cite{town,williamson66}, for example, a crown octavo measures
% 191x127~mm.
%
% Jan Tschichold devoted a lifetime to the design and production of books.
% Fortunately, he wrote many of his views down. Later in life, he assembled
% his findings in an overview~\cite{tschichold87}, discussing in a more
% coherent, concentrated fashion the questions which face anyone wishing to
% make a book. Of particular interest is his analysis of size and proportions of
% page, text and margins. Through his own historical investigations, he made,
% and continues to make, a very strong and convincing case against the more
% `modern' tendency of making squarish books. His elegant, eloquent and well
% illustrated discourse guides us away from the ugliness of the convenient but
% rather square A format (proportion 1:1.414) back to the more rectangular
% formats with proportions tending towards the Golden Ratio (from 1:1.5 to
% 1:1.618). It is certainly no accident that the classical sheets of paper
% traditionally used in the printing of books show proportions which fall very
% nicely within this range.
%
% Tschichold analysed the size and disposition of the text block relative
% to the page as well. By 1953, he published his discovery of the late gothic
% workshop secrets of determining the margins on a page.
% Rosarivo~\cite{rosarivo61}confirmed this determination through his own,
% independent discovery of a different method which happily yielded the same
% results. Rosarivo's method is very easy to use and implement automatically:
% divide the height and width of the page into an equal number, assign one part
% to make up inner and upper margin, and two parts to make up outer and lower
% margin, with the remainder defining the area available for printing the body
% text.
%
% The amount of leading between lines of print depends on the nature of the
% fount, its size, and the length of the line. Also, it should remain fixed for
% the entire text, yielding a constant, regular grid of lines. Tschichold
% discussed the leading of lines of text in some detail, and similar views can
% be found in Williamson's book~\cite{williamson66}.
%
% It should be clear by now that the standard book class included in \LaTeX\
% requires a fair amount of adjustment to reflect more closely the design
% principles just highlighted. The Octavo class is an attempt to provide
% such a class file.
%
% \subsection{Rationale}
%
% The Octavo class is in essence a modification of the standard \LaTeX\ book
% class, with a similar, limited amount of options and choices. These
% limitations are there because a number of inbuilt choices have been made on
% the basis of design principles and guidelines garnered from a variety of
% authors and books. The class is christened Octavo because its express
% aim is to implement many of these classical design elements.
%
% First of all, the option of page sizes are the classical octavo sizes. The
% four smallest ones, i.e., foolscap, crown, post and largepost can be made
% to fit two by two on A4 paper, allowing one to produce books in these formats
% on printers routinely available.
%
% The size of the margins follows the analysis by Tschichold, but instead of
% adopting the 6:9 ratio of division of the page (which yields only a 44\%
% covering of a page by text), a 7:10 ratio is here implemented (yielding
% a 49\% cover of a page by text).
%
% Including a title page is very necessary when making a book, but the way in
% which to do this is not as straightforward a matter as that may seem at first.
% Title pages (plural) are much better when they are treated, and made, as
% an integral part of the endpapers. When binding (good) books, endpapers
% fulfill a functional and aesthetical role, and a separate folio bearing the
% titling, adds to the strength, and beauty, of the endpapers~\cite{town}.
%
% Ideally, a separate folio should be made, bearing on the first recto page the
% bastard title, on the verso possibly a frontispiece, or failing something
% suitable, left blank. The next recto bears title, author, publisher and
% the like, and the final verso provides space for the biblio or imprint.
% From a design perspective, it is not really feasible, nor desirable, to
% lay down hard and fast rules for the organisation or the placement of the
% various elements needed on a titlepage. In practice, it is much easier
% to do this as a separate document, especially when the text is to be
% organised into signatures.
%
% An attempt is made here to try and maintain a uniform printing grid across
% the text. Amongst the \TeX\ algorithms, Knuth developed a set with the aim of
% keeping the overall text block on each page the same size. If necessary, this
% means allowing the change of spacing between paragraphs, around floating
% objects, or indeed the leading within a paragraph. To counteract this
% behaviour completely would require a rewriting of part of the \TeX\ code,
% which really is too daunting a task. However, it seems possible, through a
% judicious setting of parameters, lengths and sizes, almost to achieve the
% same result. In principle, the octavo class will maintain the regularity
% of the grid within the text body, i.e., the leading should remain constant,
% and successive paragraphs should not become separated by extra space.
% Adjustments, if and when they become necessary, will be made to the spacing
% around headings, lists and floats. Nevertheless, there will be times when
% the actual text, the parameters defined by the octavo class, and the \TeX\
% kernel will conspire to produce truly horrible results. Such misfortunes call
% for direct intervention, or, the user willing, suggestions of improving the
% definitions of the parameters proposed here for the octavo class.
%
% \subsection{Some notes on making books with octavo}
%
% Thanks to excellent works on bookbinding such as the book by Lawrence
% Town~\cite{town}, the physical making of books lies well within reach of
% anyone caring to make the effort. Thanks to a number of additional programs,
% also available from CTAN, it is a straightforward matter to organise and print
% out a text in signatures. Here are some of the means which have proved to be
% both useful and effective.
%
% As already mentioned, the formats foolscap, crown, post and largepost can be
% made to sit on an A5 page. This means that four pages can be put on a single
% A4 sheet, a set of which can be made to form a signature. To do so requires
% a few careful but simple adjustments.
%
% A problem comes up with the imposition of the textpages on an A4 sheet. The
% four formats mentioned are all narrower than an A5 sheet, and hence extra
% space is left protruding at the outer margins. This is not a problem with the
% odd-numbered pages, as it is their inner margin which is made to coincide with
% the inner margin of the A5 sheet. However, the even-numbered pages have their
% outer margin made to coincide with the outer margin of the A5 sheet, the
% latter of course being too wide. What should happen is to have the inner
% margin of the even-numbered sheet coincide with the inner margins of the A5
% sheet. The simplest solution is to add a single line to the preamble of the
% document: |\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{148.5mm-\paperwidth}|, rather than
% try and reposition only the even-numbered pages with dvidvi, dvips, and the
% like.
%
% Organising the pages into signatures can be done quite easily. With dvips:
% \begin{enumerate}
% \item dvips -ta5 \meta{file}
% \item psbook -s16 \meta{file}.ps \meta{file}.tmp
% \item psnup -pa4 -Pa5 -l -2 -s1.0 \meta{file}.tmp \meta{file}.ps
% \end{enumerate}
% or with dvihplj or similar, using the switches:\\
% |prthpljh| \meta{file} |+columns:2 +rows:1 +section-size:4|\\
% |+full-last-section +page-width:148.5mm +page-height:210mm|\\
% |+landscape-mode +double-sided:odd[even]|
%
% These sets of commands and switches yield signatures made up of 16 pages on 4
% sheets. Such an arrangement is very effective and handy when binding the
% book. It may be necessary to instruct the printer to shift each page a little
% on the sheet to ensure perfect register, and a little experimenting may be
% called for.
%
% \subsection{Acknowledgements}
% Octavo is a modification of |classes.dtx| written by Leslie Lamport (1992),
% Frank Mittelbach (1994-97) and Johannes Braams (1994-97). As can be seen
% from the code, my own input is restricted to a tweaking of some parameters
% and true credit is due to Lamport, Mittelbach and Braams for their
% monumental efforts.
%
% \begin{thebibliography}{16}
%
% \bibitem{knuth98} Knuth,~D. 1998. \emph{Digital Typography}. CSLI
% Publications, Stanford.
%
% \bibitem{rosarivo61} Rosarivo,~R. 1961. \emph{Divina proportio typographica}.
% Scherpe, Krefeld.
%
% \bibitem{taylor98} Taylor,~P. 1998. \emph{Book design for \TeX\ users, Part 1:
% Theory.} TUGBoat, 19:65--74.
%
% \bibitem{taylor99} Taylor,~P. 1999. \emph{Book design for \TeX\ users, Part 2:
% Practice.} TUGBoat, 20:378--389.
%
% \bibitem{town} Town,~L. \emph{Bookbinding by hand.} Faber \& Faber, London.
%
% \bibitem{tschichold87} Tschichold,~ J. 1987. \emph{Ausgew\"{a}hlte Aufs\"{a}tze
% \"{u}ber Fragen der Gestalt des Buches und der Typographie}. Birkh\"{a}user
% Verlag, Basel.
%
% \bibitem{williamson66} Williamson,~H. 1966. \emph{Methods of book design.} Oxford
% University Press, Oxford.
%
% \bibitem{wilson01} Wilson,~P. 2001. \emph{The Memoir class for configurable
% typesetting.} CTAN. |macros\latex\contrib\memoir|
%
% \end{thebibliography}
% \StopEventually{}
%
%
% \section{Preliminaries}
% We begin by declaring a number of commands, parameters and control
% sequences which will be used later on.
% \begin{macro}{\@ptsize}
% The controlsequence stores the second digit of the pointsize in which
% the body of the text will be typeset.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*octavo>
\newcommand\@ptsize{}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\if@restonecol}
% In texts printed in two columns, this switch is used to remember to
% switch back to two column if there has been a temporary change to single
% column mode.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newif\if@restonecol
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\if@titlepage}
% Usually, a titlepage is produced with a book. However, if a set of
% endpapers is made, titlepages can be made separately from the body
% of the book, and it is useful to omit the production of a titlepage.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newif\if@titlepage
\@titlepagetrue
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\if@openright}
% \begin{macro}{\if@openbib}
% Another set of switches, to indicate if new chapters must start on a
% right-hand page. Normally they do, but novels and the like may well
% benefit from having new chapters start on either side.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newif\if@openright
\newif\if@openbib
\@openbibfalse
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\if@mainmatter}
% A switch to indicate when we are processing the main material of the book.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newif\if@mainmatter
\@mainmattertrue
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \section{Class options}
% \subsection{Declaring options}
% The options available to the octavo class are essentially the same as those
% defined for the standard book class. What is different and new is a set of
% papersize options.
%
% \begin{macro}{\paperheight}
% \begin{macro}{\paperwidth}
% We begin with the papersizes. These are largely the traditional octavo
% sizes. The option |largepost| is slightly different: it is an example
% of Tschichold's pentagon-based proportion (1:1.538) applied to a page
% height of an a5 page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{foolscap}
{\setlength\paperheight{171mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{108mm}}
\DeclareOption{crown}
{\setlength\paperheight{191mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{127mm}}
\DeclareOption{post}
{\setlength\paperheight{194mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{122mm}}
\DeclareOption{largepost}
{\setlength\paperheight{210mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{137mm}}
\DeclareOption{demy}
{\setlength\paperheight{222mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{143mm}}
\DeclareOption{medium}
{\setlength\paperheight{229mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{146mm}}
\DeclareOption{royal}
{\setlength\paperheight{254mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{159mm}}
\DeclareOption{superroyal}
{\setlength\paperheight{267mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{171mm}}
\DeclareOption{imperial}
{\setlength\paperheight{279mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth{191mm}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@ptsize}
% The choice of type size is kept through the last digit of the size
% in |\@ptsize|. There are apparently good, or at least, historical
% reasons for doing so. Since this may well ensure compatibility with
% other packages, the method is maintained here.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{10pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{0}}
\DeclareOption{11pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{1}}
\DeclareOption{12pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{2}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{twoside}
% When printing books, two-sided printing is the norm. This
% means that we have to set the |if@mparswitch| to get any margin
% paragraphs into the outside margin.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{twoside}{\@twosidetrue \@mparswitchtrue}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{draft}
% When preparing a text for final tweaking, the |draft| mode may come in
% handy, as it will show on the page where overfull boxes appear.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{draft}{\setlength\overfullrule{5pt}}
\DeclareOption{final}{\setlength\overfullrule{0pt}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{titlepage}
% Having argued that it is much better to deal with the titlepage separately
% from the book itself, we do leave the choice of a titlepage as integral
% part of the book as an option. However, the default will be to have no
% titlepage.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@titlepagetrue}
\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@titlepagefalse}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{openright}
% New chapters normally start on a right-hand page in books, but novels, or
% poetry books may well be better off by allowing chapters to begin on either
% side.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{openright}{\@openrighttrue}
\DeclareOption{openany}{\@openrightfalse}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{twocolumn}
% Single or double column arrangement of the body text is chosen with this
% option. The choice does require some care, as the width of a line of text
% that can be read comfortably depends on the total number of ens, and this
% is a function of the fount, the fount size and the text width. The larger
% formats almost always benefit from being typeset in two columns.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@twocolumnfalse}
\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@twocolumntrue}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{leqno}
% \begin{macro}{fleqn}
% When including mathematical formul\ae , equation numbers are usually
% placed to the right, but the |leqno| option places them on the left of the
% the equation. The |fleqn| option redefines the math display environment so
% that equations are typeset flush with the left margin and indented by
% |\mathindent| from the prevailing left margin.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{leqno}{\input{leqno.clo}}
\DeclareOption{fleqn}{\input{fleqn.clo}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{openbib}
% The format of the bibliography is set to an `open' one, that is, each block
% starts on a new line, with successive lines in a block indented by the
% amount defined by |\bibindent|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOption{openbib}{\@openbibtrue}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Executing options}
% Here, default options are executed in order to initialise a number of
% variables. The |\ProcessOptions| command then ensures the execution of the
% code for every option declared and for which the user included an option
% in the |\documentclass| command.
% \begin{macrocode}
\ExecuteOptions{crown,10pt,twoside,final,notitlepage,openright,onecolumn}
\ProcessOptions
% \end{macrocode}
% After the execution of all the options, we can now load the class option
% file which contains all the size dependent code.
% \begin{macrocode}
\input{oct1\@ptsize.clo}
%</octavo>
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \section{Document layout}
% \subsection{Fount sizes}
% The user has access to a number of commands which change the size of
% the fount, relative to the `main' size used for the bulk of the text.
% These |\size| commands issue a
% |\@setfontsize||\size|\meta{font-size}\meta{baselineskip} where:
% \begin{description}
% \item{\meta{font-size}} The absolute size of the fount to use from
% now on.
% \item{\meta{baselineskip}} The normal value of |\baselineskip|
% for the size of the fount selected. (The actual value will be
% |\baselinestretch| * \meta{baselineskip}.)
% \end{description}
%
% A number of commands, defined in the \LaTeX\ kernel, shorten the
% following definitions and are used throughout. These are:
% \begin{center}
% \begin{tabular}{ll@{\qquad}ll@{\qquad}ll}
% \verb=\@vpt= & 5 & \verb=\@vipt= & 6 & \verb=\@viipt= & 7 \\
% \verb=\@viiipt= & 8 & \verb=\@ixpt= & 9 & \verb=\@xpt= & 10 \\
% \verb=\@xipt= & 10.95 & \verb=\@xiipt= & 12 & \verb=\@xivpt= & 14.4\\
% \ldots
% \end{tabular}
% \end{center}
%
% \begin{macro}{\normalsize}
% \begin{macro}{\@normalsize}
% The user command to obtain the `main' size is |\normalsize|. \LaTeX\
% uses |\@normalsize| when referring to the main size and maintains this
% value even if |\normalsize| is redefined. The |\normalsize| macro also
% sets values for |\abovedisplayskip|, |\abovedisplayshortskip| and
% |\belowdisplayshortskip|.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
\renewcommand\normalsize{%
%<*10pt>
\@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt\@xiipt
\abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\@setfontsize\normalsize\@xipt{13.2}%
\abovedisplayskip 13.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 6.6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\@setfontsize\normalsize\@xiipt\@xivpt
\abovedisplayskip 14.4\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 7.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
%</12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% The |\belowdisplayskip| equals |\abovedisplayskip|. The parameters of
% the first-level list are always given by |\@listI|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\let\@listi\@listI}
% \end{macrocode}
% Initially, the |normalsize| fount is put into use for the document
% \begin{macrocode}
\normalsize
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\small}
% Similar to |\normalsize|
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\small{%
%<*10pt>
\@setfontsize\small\@ixpt\@xipt%
\abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus2\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
\topsep 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\parsep \z@
\itemsep \z@}%
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\@setfontsize\small\@xpt\@xiipt
\abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
\topsep 6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\parsep \z@
\itemsep \z@}%
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\@setfontsize\small\@xipt{13.2}%
\abovedisplayskip 13.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 6.6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
\topsep 6.6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\parsep \z@
\itemsep \z@}%
%</12pt>
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\footnotesize}
% Again, very similar to |\normalsize|
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\footnotesize{%
%<*10pt>
\@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{9.5}%
\abovedisplayskip 9.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
\topsep 5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\parsep \z@
\itemsep \z@}%
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\@setfontsize\footnotesize\@ixpt\@xipt%
\abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
\topsep 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\parsep \z@
\itemsep \z@}%
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\@setfontsize\footnotesize\@xpt\@xiipt
\abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
\topsep 6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\parsep \z@
\itemsep \z@}%
%</12pt>
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scriptsize}
% \begin{macro}{\tiny}
% \begin{macro}{\large}
% \begin{macro}{\Large}
% \begin{macro}{\LARGE}
% \begin{macro}{\huge}
% \begin{macro}{\Huge}
% These macros select new fountsizes, but leave display and lists alone.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt>
\newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt\@viiipt}
\newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt\@vipt}
\newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}}
\newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}}
\newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}}
\newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
\newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viiipt{9.5}}
\newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vipt\@viipt}
\newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}}
\newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}}
\newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}}
\newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
\newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viiipt{9.5}}
\newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vipt\@viipt}
\newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xivpt{18}}
\newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xviipt{22}}
\newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xxpt{25}}
\newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxvpt{30}}
\let\Huge=\huge
%</12pt>
%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Fount changes}
% Fount changes should really be done with the \LaTeXe\ commands, but quite
% a few packages rely on the older versions of these commands. Therefore, for
% the sake of compatibility, the old commands are retained.
% \begin{macro}{\rm}
% \begin{macro}{\tt}
% \begin{macro}{\sf}
% These are commands to change the fount family.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*octavo>
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\bf}
% The command to change to the bold series
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\sl}
% \begin{macro}{\it}
% \begin{macro}{\sc}
% And finally, the commands to change the shape of the founts.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Paragraphs}
% The parameters which control \TeX 's behaviour when typesetting
% paragraphs receive a bit of a tweak here. Contrary to the usual
% behaviour of modifying the grid with glue when difficulties are
% encountered with vertical space, here we shall try to counteract
% these tendencies and enforce as much as possible uniformity of the
% grid of lines.
% \begin{macro}{\lineskip}
% \begin{macro}{\normallineskip}
% These two parameters influence \TeX when two lines come too close.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\lineskip{1\p@}
\setlength\normallineskip{1\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\baselinestretch}
% Used by \TeX\ as a multiplier for |\baselineskip|. \emph{Default}
% behaviour is not to stretch the baselines. If this command does not
% resolve to `empty', any |plus| or |minus| part in the specification
% of |\baselineskip| is ignored.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\baselinestretch{}
%</octavo>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\parskip}
% Extra vertical space can be put between successive paragraphs with
% |\parskip| as it is usually defined as a zero rubber length. Here, it
% is set to zero, without rubber extention, hopefully helping to maintain
% the regular grid.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
\setlength\parskip{0\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\parindent}
% The value of |\parindent| was set to a variety of sizes depending on the
% fount size and whether single- or double-column is in use. Using the
% |em| measure relates the indent to the fount in use, and there is little
% merit in having a marginally wider indent when typesetting in a single
% column.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\parindent{1em}
%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@lowpenalty}
% \begin{macro}{\@medpenalty}
% \begin{macro}{\@highpenalty}
% Command such as |\nopagebreak| or |\nolinebreak| put in penalties to
% discourage the placement of these breaks. Depending on the argument
% with which they are put, a low, medium or high penalty is chosen.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*octavo>
\@lowpenalty 51
\@medpenalty 151
\@highpenalty 301
%</octavo>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \subsection{Page layout}
% Here the class file deviates more noticably from the standard book class.
% To begin with, all dimensions are measured from the true upper left corner
% of the page. Dimensions and placement of the text area is directly related
% to and determined as proportions of the dimensions of the page.
%
% \changes{1.2a}{2007/03/07}{Removed changes to hoffset and voffset to maintain
% compatibility with other class files, notably crop}
%
% \subsubsection{Vertical spacing}
%
% \begin{macro}{\headheight}
% \begin{macro}{\headsep}
% \begin{macro}{\topskip}
% The |\headheight| is the height of the box containing the running head.
% The |\headsep| is the distance between the bottom of the box with the
% running head and the top of the text. The |\topskip| is the
% |\baselineskip| for the first line on the page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\headheight{12\p@}
%<10pt>\setlength\headsep{6\p@}
%<11pt>\setlength\headsep{7\p@}
%<12pt>\setlength\headsep{8\p@}
%<10pt>\setlength\topskip{10\p@}
%<11pt>\setlength\topskip{11\p@}
%<12pt>\setlength\topskip{12\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\footskip}
% This is the distance from the baseline of the box containing the running
% foot to the bottom of the text.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<10pt>\setlength\footskip{25\p@}
%<11pt>\setlength\footskip{27.5\p@}
%<12pt>\setlength\footskip{30\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\maxdepth}
% The |\maxdepth| register has a function similar to that of |\topskip|. The
% register |\@maxdepth| should always contain a copy of |\maxdepth|, and this
% is ensured by setting it when issuing the command |\begin{document}|. In
% \TeX\ and \LaTeX2.09 it was fixed at |4pt|. Following \LaTeXe, it now
% depends on the typesize, and calculation simplifies it to half the topskip.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\maxdepth{0.5\topskip}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Text dimensions}
% Here we implement the proposals and calculations by Tschichold. In
% particular, the proportions of text to page are set so that 49\% of
% the page area is covered by the text block.
%
% \begin{macro}{\topmargin}
% The |\topmargin| is the distance between the top of the text block and
% the top of the box containing the running head. The running head is not
% part of the text block, and it goes into the top margin. As |\topmargin|
% is measured from the top of the box, we have to correct for header height
% and header separation.
% By subtracting 1 inch, the effect of voffset is overcome.
% \changes{1.2b}{2007/03/07}{Subtract 1 inch from |topmargin| to move textblock}
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0.1\paperheight}
\addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
\addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
\addtolength{\topmargin}{-1in}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\textwidth}
% Define the width of the text block to 0.7 of the page width, and make
% calculations a little easier by adjusting the calculated width to a
% whole number of points.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength{\textwidth}{0.7\paperwidth}
\@settopoint\textwidth
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\textheight}
% The height of the text block itself is set to 0.7 times the page height.
% This amount is then adjusted to ensure that a whole number of lines makes
% up the text block, and does so exactly.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\@tempdima{0.7\paperheight}
% \end{macrocode}
% take away the first line, which is a bit shorter than the |\baselineskip|,
% \begin{macrocode}
\addtolength\@tempdima{-\topskip}
% \end{macrocode}
% this length may be very close, but just a little too small to accommodate
% one more line, so we add a small amount,
% \begin{macrocode}
\addtolength\@tempdima{5\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% and calculate the number of lines in this length,
% \begin{macrocode}
\divide\@tempdima\baselineskip
\@tempcnta=\@tempdima
% \end{macrocode}
% The correct textheight comes to the number of lines just calculated,
% multiplied by the height of text lines, |\baselineskip|, and with the
% addition of the |\topskip| we took away initially.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\textheight{\@tempcnta\baselineskip}
\addtolength\textheight{\topskip}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Margin dimensions}
% Now that we have set the size of the text block, the amount of space
% available for margins is set as well. The remaining white space is divided
% in a 1:2 ratio, hence the proportions between margins and text become 1:7:2.
%
% \begin{macro}{\evensidemargin}
% \begin{macro}{\oddsidemargin}
% Since we are typesetting books, both even and odd side margins have to be
% set.
% \changes{1.2c}{2007/03/07}{Subtract 1 inch from |oddsidemargin| and |evensidemargin|
% to move textblock}
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.2\paperwidth}
\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-1in}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.1\paperwidth}
\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-1in}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\marginparsep}
% \begin{macro}{\marginparpush}
% The horizontal space between the text block and marginal notes is set by
% |\marginparsep|, while the minimal vertical separation between successive
% marginal notes is controlled by |\marginparpush|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\if@twocolumn
\setlength\marginparsep{10\p@}
\else
%<10pt>\setlength\marginparsep{10\p@}
%<11pt>\setlength\marginparsep{11\p@}
%<12pt>\setlength\marginparsep{12\p@}
\fi
%<10pt|11pt>\setlength\marginparpush{5\p@}
%<12pt>\setlength\marginparpush{7\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\marginparwidth}
% The amount of space available for marginal notes is the outer margin.
% From this we have to substract the separation between notes and the text
% body, as well as another, marginal outer margin. In principle, marginal
% text could run up all the way to the outer margin, but this is both ugly
% and impractical for the book binder. Since the margins have to be cut, it
% is very wise to leave sufficient space: |30pt| seems a good minimum.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\@tempdima{\paperwidth}
\addtolength\@tempdima{-\textwidth}
\addtolength\@tempdima{-\oddsidemargin}
\addtolength\@tempdima{-\marginparsep}
\addtolength\@tempdima{-30\p@}
\setlength\marginparwidth{\@tempdima}
\@settopoint\marginparwidth
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Footnotes}
%
% \begin{macro}{\footnotesep}
% The height of the strut placed at the beginning of every footnote. For
% each size, |\footnotesep| is set to the height of the corresponding
% |\footnotesize| strut, so there is no extra space between successive
% footnotes.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<10pt>\setlength\footnotesep{6.65\p@}
%<11pt>\setlength\footnotesep{7.7\p@}
%<12pt>\setlength\footnotesep{8.4\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\footins}
% The space between the last line of the main text and the top of the first
% footnote.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<10pt>\setlength{\skip\footins}{9\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
%<11pt>\setlength{\skip\footins}{10\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
%<12pt>\setlength{\skip\footins}{11\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Float placement}
% Float placement parameters are given values by \LaTeXe, therefore any
% parameters which are not counters have to be (re)set with |\renewcommand|.
% \begin{macro}{topnumber}
% The maximum number of floats allowed at the top of a page.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*octavo>
\setcounter{topnumber}{2}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\topfraction}
% The maximum part of a text page that may be occupied by floats at the
% top of a page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\topfraction{.7}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{bottomnumber}
% The equivalent of |topnumber|, but for the maximum number of floats
% allowed at the bottom of a page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\bottomfraction}
% The maximum part of a text page that may be occupied by floats at the
% bottom of a page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\bottomfraction{.5}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{totalnumber}
% The maximum number of floats in total which may appear on a page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setcounter{totalnumber}{3}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\textfraction}
% The minimum part of a text page which has to be occupied by text.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\textfraction{.2}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\floatpagefraction}
% The minimum part of a page which has to be occupied by floating object
% before a `float page' is produced.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\floatpagefraction{.5}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{dbltopnumber}
% The maximum number of two-column floats which may appear at the top of
% a two-column text page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\dbltopfraction}
% The maximum part of a two-column text page which may be occupied at the
% top by two-column floats.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\dbltopfraction{.7}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\dblfloatpagefraction}
% The minimum part of a page which has to be occupied by two-column floating
% objects before a `float page' is produced.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\dblfloatpagefraction{.5}
%</octavo>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\floatsep}
% \begin{macro}{\textfloatsep}
% \begin{macro}{\intextsep}
% These parameters control the separation between a float object and the
% other objects on the same page. They are used in both single-column and
% double-column mode.
% \begin{description}
% \item{|\floatsep|} is the amount of space between adjacent floats moved to
% the top or to the bottom of the text page.
% \item{|\textfloatsep|} is the amount of space between the main text and the
% floats at the top or at the bottom of the text page.
% \item{|\intextsep|} is the amount of space between in-text floats and the
% text
% \end{description}
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt>
\setlength\floatsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\setlength\textfloatsep{24\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
\setlength\intextsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\setlength\floatsep{13.2\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\setlength\textfloatsep{26\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
\setlength\intextsep{13.2\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\setlength\floatsep{14.4\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\setlength\textfloatsep{28\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
\setlength\intextsep{14.4\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
%</12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\dblfloatsep}
% \begin{macro}{\dbltextfloatsep}
% In two-column mode, floats spanning the entire |\textwidth| are placed
% with the parameters |\dblfloatsep| and |\dbltextfloatsep| in control.
% \begin{description}
% \item{|\dblfloatsep|} is the amount of space between adjacent floats at the
% top or at the bottom of the text page
% \item{|\dbltextfloatsep|} is the amount of space between the main text and
% floats at the top or at the bottom of the text page.
% \end{description}
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt>
\setlength\dblfloatsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{24\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\setlength\dblfloatsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{26\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\setlength\dblfloatsep{14\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{28\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
%</12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@fptop}
% \begin{macro}{\@fpsep}
% \begin{macro}{\@fpbot}
% The layout of floating objects on separate, `float' pages is controlled by
% the parameters |\@fptop|, |\@fpsep| and |\@fpbot|. These parameters insert
% stretchable amounts of white space between the top and the bottom of the
% page and the floats, while |\@fpsep| inserts white space between adjacent
% floats. In order to ensure that any remaining space is filled, at least one
% of |\@fptop| or |\@fpbot| has to contain stretchable space.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt>
\setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
\setlength\@fpsep{10\p@ \@plus 2fil}
\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
\setlength\@fpsep{11\p@ \@plus 2fil}
\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
\setlength\@fpsep{12\p@ \@plus 2fil}
\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
%</12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@dblfptop}
% \begin{macro}{\@dblfpsep}
% \begin{macro}{\@dblfpbot}
% The layout of floating objects in double-column mode on separate `float'
% pages is handled in a similar way to that used for single-column mode
% pages just described.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt>
\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
\setlength\@dblfpsep{10\p@ \@plus 2fil}
\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
%</10pt>
%<*11pt>
\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
\setlength\@dblfpsep{11\p@ \@plus 2fil}
\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
%</11pt>
%<*12pt>
\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
\setlength\@dblfpsep{12\p@ \@plus 2fil}
\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
%</12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \subsection{Page styles}
% A number of page styles are defined by the class file. Of course, more
% elaborate styles can be designed using the |fancyheadings| package, but
% once again, here we opt for the more restrained and discrete means of
% guiding the reader. The page styles included in the standard \LaTeX\ book
% class are either |headings|, |plain|, |empty| or |myheadings|. The standard
% |headings| is here modified a little, so that the folios now appear
% centered at the foot of the page.
%
% The page style \emph{style} is defined by defining the command |\ps@style|.
% Definitions should be local only, and any stray spaces in definitions had
% better be avoided as they may turn up unexpectedly in the output.
%
% \begin{macro}{\@evenhead}
% \begin{macro}{\@oddhead}
% \begin{macro}{\@evenfoot}
% \begin{macro}{\@oddfoot}
% The |\ps@style| commands define the macros |\@evenhead|, |\@evenfoot| and
% their odd-page equivalents to define the running head and foot. The
% contents are produced inside a |\hbox| of width |\textwidth|.
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Marking conventions}
% The making of headings reflecting the sectioning commands, a page style
% has to define commands such as |\chaptermark|, |\sectionmark| and so on
% so that e.g., |\chapter| calls |\chaptermark{TEXT}|. These commands are
% all defined with the help of the following macros, which have extended
% in \LaTeX\ a bit as compared to the original \TeX\ |\mark| facility.
% So we now have at our disposal:
% \begin{description}
% \item{|\markboth{Left}{Right}|} Adds both marks
% \item{|\markright{Right}|} Adds a righthand-side mark
% \item{|\leftmark|} used in the |\SIDEhead| and |\SIDEfoot| macros,
% getting the current lefthand-side mark
% \item{|\rightmark|} also used in the |\SIDEhead| and |\SIDEfoot|
% macros, but getting the current righthand-side mark.
% \end{description}
%
% \subsubsection{The headings and myheadings styles}
% The two other styles, |plain| and |empty| are defined by \LaTeX.
%
% \begin{macro}{\ps@headings}
% To begin with, the folios are centered at the foot of the pages, while
% the running heads contain one of the marks. The contents of the running
% head is determined both by the chapter and the section titles, hence we
% let |\@mkboth| be |\markboth|.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*octavo>
\def\ps@headings{%
\def\@oddfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
\def\@evenfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
\def\@evenhead{\hfil{\scshape\leftmark}\hfil}%
\def\@oddhead{\hfil{\scshape\rightmark}\hfil}%
\let\@mkboth\markboth
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\chaptermark}
% \begin{macro}{\sectionmark}
% As we use |\chaptermark| and |\sectionmark| to fill the running heads
% we define these here. The use of |##1| as parameter of the commands, and
% these will be defined when |\ps@headings| is executed.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\chaptermark##1{%
\markboth {%
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\if@mainmatter
\@chapapp\ \thechapter. \ %
\fi
\fi
##1}{}}%
\def\sectionmark##1{%
\markright {%
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\z@
\thesection. \ %
\fi
##1}}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\ps@myheadings}
% The definition of this page style is straightforward, as it is up to the
% user to determine what goes into the running heads by setting the
% |\markboth| and |\markright| commands in the text. We do, however, maintain
% the presence of the centered folios at the foot of the pages. To ensure
% that the marking commands used by chapter and section commands are not
% used, we set them to a macro gobbling up the arguments.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\ps@myheadings{%
\def\@oddfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
\def\@evenfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
\def\@evenhead{\hfil{\scshape\leftmark}\hfil}%
\def\@oddhead{\hfil{\scshape\rightmark}\hfil}%
\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
\let\chaptermark\@gobble
\let\sectionmark\@gobble}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \section{Document markup}
%
% \subsection{The title}
% \begin{macro}{\maketitle}
% The three macros |\title|, |\author| and |\date| are part of \LaTeX,
% and that info is therefore stored away in internal control sequences.
% The |\date| macro gets today's date by default, so it may have to be
% set explicitly to a particular date by the user.
%
% If there is a request for a title, we will generate a simple, separate
% titlepage. First, a local redefinition of |\footnotesize| and
% |footnoterule|, so that we get a different appearance of the |\thanks|
% command. These changes affect all footnotes, but since there really is
% no need for true footnotes on a title page, this is hardly a problem.
% \begin{macrocode}
\if@titlepage
\newcommand\maketitle{\begin{titlepage}%
\let\footnotesize\small
\let\footnoterule\relax
\let\footnote\thanks
% \end{macrocode}
% The title itself is centered vertically, with a little offset brought by
% a |\vskip|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\null\vfil
\vskip 60\p@
% \end{macrocode}
% Now we can set the title, using the |\LARGE| fount, followed by a little
% bit of vertical space, and then the authors, set in |\large| fount. To
% ensure everything lines up nicely in a single column, we resort to the
% tabular environment. A little vertical space is then followed by the date.
% \begin{macrocode}
\begin{center}%
{\LARGE \@title \par}%
\vskip 3em%
{\large
\lineskip .75em%
\begin{tabular}[t]{c}%
\@author
\end{tabular}\par}%
\vskip 1.5em%
{\large \@date \par}%
\end{center}\par
% \end{macrocode}
% Calling |\@thanks| prints the information to go into the footnote, and
% completes the printing on the page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\@thanks
\vfil\null
\end{titlepage}%
% \end{macrocode}
% Having finished the printing of the title page, we now clean up.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setcounter{footnote}{0}%
\let\thanks\relax
\let\maketitle\relax
\gdef\@thanks{}
\gdef\@author{}
\gdef\@title{}}
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \subsection{Chapters and section}
% The coming definitions rely on two internal macros, |\@startsection| and
% |\secdef|. Their syntax is simpe but a bit involved. The |\@startsection|
% macro has 7 required arguments and 2 optional ones. The full set looks like
% this:
%
% |\@startsection|\meta{name}\meta{level}\meta{indent}\meta{beforeskip}
% \meta{afterskip}\meta{style} \\
% |[|*|] ||[|\meta{altheading}|]| \meta{heading}
%
% \begin{description}
% \item{\meta{name}} The name of the level command, e.g., `section'.
% \item{\meta{level}} A number denoting the depth of the section,
% chapter=1, section=2, etc. A section number will be printed only
% if \meta{level} is equal or smaller than the value of
% \emph{secnumdepth}.
% \item{\meta{indent}} The indentation of the heading from the left margin
% \item{\meta{beforeskip}} The absolute value of this argument is the skip
% to leave above the heading. If it is negative, then the paragraph
% indent of the text following the heading is suppressed.
% \item{\meta{afterskip}} If positive, it is the skip to leave below the
% heading, else it is the skip to the right of a run-in heading.
% \item{\meta{style}} Sets the style of the heading.
% \item{$*$} When this is missing the heading is numbered and the
% corresponding counter is incremented.
% \item{\meta{altheading}} Gives an alternative heading to use in
% the table of contents and in the running heads. This should
% be present when the $*$ form is used.
% \item{\meta{heading}} The heading of the new section.
% \end{description}
%
% The macro |\secdef| can be used when a sectioning command is
% defined without using |\@startsection|. It has two arguments:
%
% |\secdef|\meta{unstarcmds}\meta{starcmds}
%
% \begin{description}
% \item{\meta{unstarcmds}} Used for the normal form of the
% sectioning command.
% \item{\meta{starcmds}} Used for the $*$-form of the
% sectioning command.
% \end{description}
%
% \subsubsection{Definition of counters}
% \begin{macro}{\c@secnumdepth}
% The \emph{secnumdepth} counter indicates to what level sectioning commands
% have to make and include section numbers. More often than not, such numbers
% are of little real value to the reader of a book: therefore, it is herein
% set to a value that eliminates such number. The user can always bring them
% back in by resetting \emph{secnumdepth} in the preamble of the document.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-2}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\c@part}
% \begin{macro}{\c@chapter}
% \begin{macro}{\c@section}
% \begin{macro}{\c@subsection}
% \begin{macro}{\c@subsubsection}
% \begin{macro}{\c@paragraph}
% \begin{macro}{\c@subparagraph}
% Nevertheless, all counters will be defined in case they are wanted.
% The particular construction |\newcounter{\meta{newcount}}[\meta{oldcount}]|
% defined \meta{newcount} as a counter which is reset every time
% \meta{oldcount} is stepped. Of course, the counter \meta{oldcount} must
% have been defined.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcounter{part}
\newcounter{chapter}
\newcounter{section}[chapter]
\newcounter{subsection}[section]
\newcounter{subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter{paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter{subparagraph}[paragraph]
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\thepart}
% \begin{macro}{\thechapter}
% \begin{macro}{\thesection}
% \begin{macro}{\thesubsection}
% \begin{macro}{\thesubsubsection}
% \begin{macro}{\theparagraph}
% \begin{macro}{\thesubparagraph}
% For each counter, the |\theCTR| macro defines how the counter CTR is
% printed.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\thepart{\@Roman\c@part}
\renewcommand\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
\renewcommand\thesection{\thechapter.\@arabic\c@section}
\renewcommand\thesubsection{\thesection.\@arabic\c@subsection}
\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection .\@arabic\c@subsubsection}
\renewcommand\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\@arabic\c@paragraph}
\renewcommand\thesubparagraph{\theparagraph.\@arabic\c@subparagraph}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@chapapp}
% The macro |\@chapapp| is defined to be |\chaptername|. But when the
% |\appendix| command is issued, it is changed to |\appendixname|
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\@chapapp{\chaptername}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Front, main and back matter}
% Books are traditionally made up from three logical sections, known as
% front matter, main matter and back matter. The actual \emph{text} of
% a book is the main matter. The separation into different `matters' allows
% slightly different ways of typesetting these sections.
%
% \begin{macro}{\frontmatter}
% Front matter is typeset with roman page numbering and without numbers given
% to any of its chapters.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\frontmatter{\cleardoublepage
\@mainmatterfalse\pagenumbering{roman}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\mainmatter}
% In main matter, we first clear the page, start page numbering with arabic
% numerals and switch on chapter numbering (which will be visible only if
% \emph{secnumdepth} has been set to a sufficiently high value, of course.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\mainmatter{\cleardoublepage
\@mainmattertrue\pagenumbering{arabic}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\backmatter}
% Back matter clears the page, turns off any chapter numbering, but leaves
% the page numbering unchanged.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\backmatter{\cleardoublepage
\@mainmatterfalse}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Parts}
% The text of books may well be divided into a number of parts by the
% writer(s). Here are the macros to deal with these major divisions of
% a text, should they be required.
% \begin{macro}{\part}
% A part is shown in the book by beginning on a new right-hand page and
% we use a \emph{plain} pagestyle.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\part{\cleardoublepage
\thispagestyle{plain}%
% \end{macrocode}
% In case we are dealing with a double-column text, the page will be in a
% single column but we have to remember we switch back to double-column mode.
% \begin{macrocode}
\if@twocolumn
\onecolumn
\@tempswatrue
\else
\@tempswafalse
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% To ensure that the fill glue does not disappear, we need an empty box.
% \begin{macrocode}
\hbox{}\vfil
% \end{macrocode}
% To make the actual heading, we issue a |\secdef| here.
% \begin{macrocode}
\secdef\@part\@spart}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@part}
% This is the macro which carries out the actual formatting of the title of
% the part. If \emph{secnumdepth} equals -2 or larger, a number is given to
% the part.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@part[#1]#2{%
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
\refstepcounter{part}%
\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\thepart\hspace{1em}#1}%
\else
\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}%
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% Empty the mark registers, center the title on the page, and prevent any
% breaking between lines, and finally reset the fount.
% \begin{macrocode}
\markboth{}{}%
{\centering
\interlinepenalty \@M
\normalfont
% \end{macrocode}
% If we are dealing with a numbered part, print the number.
% \begin{macrocode}
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
\huge \partname~\thepart
\par
% \end{macrocode}
% Leave some space before printing the title, and clear up with |\@endpart|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\vskip 20\p@
\fi
\Huge #2\par}%
\@endpart}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@spart}
% A macro to deal with a part*. If this sectioning command was used, we do
% not print a number, but otherwise the format is the same as for the
% unstarred part.
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@spart#1{%
{\centering
\interlinepenalty \@M
\normalfont
\Huge #1\par}%
\@endpart}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@endpart}
% A macro to finishes the part page. First, fill the current page,
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@endpart{%
\vfil\newpage
% \end{macrocode}
% and, as we are dealing with a two-sided document, insert a blank page.
% \begin{macrocode}
\hbox{}%
\thispagestyle{empty}%
\newpage
% \end{macrocode}
% If we are dealing with a two-column document, switch back to double
% column mode.
% \begin{macrocode}
\if@tempswa
\twocolumn
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Chapters}
% \begin{macro}{\chapter}
% Chapters start on a new page, and the page style is set to \emph{plain}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\chapter{%
\if@openright\cleardoublepage
\else\clearpage
\fi
\thispagestyle{plain}%
% \end{macrocode}
% Ensure that no float appears on the top of this page: it really would not
% do to have something like a float appearing above a chapter title.
% \begin{macrocode}
\global\@topnum\z@
% \end{macrocode}
% Also, suppress any indentation of the first paragraph and issue the
% |\secdef| which will take care of making the chapter title.
% \begin{macrocode}
\@afterindentfalse
\secdef\@chapter\@schapter}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@chapter}
% The macro for numbered chapters. If \emph{secnumdepth} is larger than -1,
% and |\@mainmatter| is true, display the chapter number. Write a message to
% the terminal to let the user know that a new chapter is about to be
% typeset.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@chapter[#1]#2{%
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\if@mainmatter
\refstepcounter{chapter}%
\typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.}%
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}%
{\protect\numberline{\thechapter}#1}%
\else
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
\fi
\else
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% Having written the entry to the table of contents, store the (alternative)
% title of the chapter with |\chaptermark|, add some white space to the lists
% of figures and tables
% \begin{macrocode}
\chaptermark{#1}%
\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
\addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
% \end{macrocode}
% Now call |\@makechapterhead| to typeset the actual chapter title. When
% dealing with text in double columns, this require a bit of attention as
% we want the title to use the whole of the width of the text.
% The |\@afterheading| macro suppresses the indentation.
% \begin{macrocode}
\if@twocolumn
\@topnewpage[\@makechapterhead{#2}]%
\else
\@makechapterhead{#2}%
\@afterheading
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@makechapterhead}
% The macro to typeset the actual chapter heading. Before we begin, bear in
% mind that we have to retain the grid, so the total amount of space occupied
% by the heading should be a whole number of lines. So, first some white
% space. Then open a group with no indenting, with ragged right text, and
% reset the fount.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@makechapterhead#1{%
\vspace*{4\baselineskip}%
{\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
% \end{macrocode}
% Find out if the chapter number has to be printed, and, if that is the case,
% leave some white space between number and title.
% \begin{macrocode}
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\if@mainmatter
\Large \@chapapp{} \thechapter
\par\nobreak
\ifnum \@ptsize < 1
\vskip 26\p@
\else
\vskip 22\p@
\fi
\fi
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% Set the title in Large fount, prevent a pagebreak from happening in the
% middle or after the title, and leave a bit of white space before the text.
% \begin{macrocode}
\interlinepenalty\@M
\Large #1\par\nobreak
\vskip 34\p@ \@minus 4\p@
}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@schapter}
% The macro which takes care of unnumbered chapters, which is much more
% straightforward, as it only has to typeset the chapter title.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@schapter#1{%
\if@twocolumn
\@topnewpage[\@makeschapterhead{#1}]%
\else
\@makeschapterhead{#1}%
\@afterheading
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@makeschapterhead}
% The equivalent macro of |\@makechapterhead| but for typesetting the
% heading of an unnumbered chapter.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@makeschapterhead#1{%
\vspace*{4\baselineskip}%
{\parindent \z@ \raggedright
\normalfont
\interlinepenalty\@M
\Large #1\par\nobreak
\ifnum \@ptsize < 1
\vskip 30\p@
\else
\vskip 34.8\p@
\fi
}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Lower-level headings}
% \begin{macro}{\section}
% \begin{macro}{\subsection}
% \begin{macro}{\subsubsection}
% \begin{macro}{\paragraph}
% \begin{macro}{\subparagraph}
% All the lower-level headings are generated by using the |\@startsection|.
% Because these various headings can occur anywhere on a page, some care
% has gone into defining the vertical spacing surrounding the headings. The
% reason for the different approach, compared to the standard book class, is
% that we are trying our utmost to maintain the regularity of the printing
% grid of text lines. Through the use of |\baselineskip| multiples and
% fractions, the space given to headings and surrounding white space will
% always be a multiple of print lines.
% We take the opportunity here of toning down the `loudness' of some of the
% headings compared to the standard book class.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\section{%
\@startsection{section}%
{1}%
{0em}%
{-1.166\baselineskip \@minus -2\p@}%
{0.835\baselineskip \@minus 2\p@}%
{\centering\large\normalfont\scshape}}
\newcommand\subsection{%
\@startsection{subsection}%
{2}%
{1em}%
{-0.666\baselineskip \@minus -2\p@}%
{0.333\baselineskip \@minus 2\p@}%
{\normalfont\normalsize\scshape}}
\newcommand\subsubsection{%
\@startsection{subsubsection}%
{3}%
{1em}%
{-0.666\baselineskip \@minus -2\p@}%
{0.333\baselineskip \@minus 2\p@}%
{\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}
\newcommand\paragraph{%
\@startsection{paragraph}%
{4}%
{\z@}%
{0\p@}%
{-1em}%
{\normalfont\normalsize}}
\newcommand\subparagraph{%
\@startsection{subparagraph}%
{5}%
{\parindent}%
{0\p@}%
{-1em}%
{\normalfont\normalsize}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Lists}
% \subsubsection{List parameters}
% The type setting of the list environment is governed by a considerable
% number of parameters, including |\leftmargin|, |\rightmargin|,
% |\listparindent|, |\itemindent|, |\labelwidth|, |\labelsep| and
% |\partopsep|. By default, |\rightmargin|, |\listparindent| and
% |itemindent| are set to |0pt|. For a list at level L, the command
% |\@listL| is called, with L denoting `i', `ii', \ldots `vi'. By convention,
% |@listL| should set |\leftmargin| to |\leftmarginL|.
%
% \begin{macro}{\listmargin}
% \begin{macro}{\listmargini}
% \begin{macro}{\listmarginii}
% \begin{macro}{\listmarginiii}
% \begin{macro}{\listmarginiv}
% \begin{macro}{\listmarginv}
% \begin{macro}{\listmarginvi}
% In double-column mode, margins are set somewhat smaller.
% \begin{macrocode}
\if@twocolumn
\setlength\leftmargini{2em}
\else
\setlength\leftmargini{2.5em}
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\leftmargin{\leftmargini}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% The next three levels are set so that they are larger than the sum of
% |\labelsep| and the width of the default labels, being `(m)', `vii.' and
% `M.'
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\leftmarginii{2.2em}
\setlength\leftmarginiii{1.87em}
\setlength\leftmarginiv{1.7em}
\if@twocolumn
\setlength\leftmarginv{.5em}
\setlength\leftmarginvi{.5em}
\else
\setlength\leftmarginv{1em}
\setlength\leftmarginvi{1em}
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{\labelsep}
% \begin{macro}{\labelwidth}
% The distance between label and text of an item is set by |\labelsep|, while
% the width of the label is set by |\labelwidth|
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\labelsep{.5em}
\setlength\labelwidth{\leftmargini}
\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\partopsep}
% When a blank line is left before the list environment, we add an extra
% vertical space of |\partopsep|, in addition to |\parskip| and |\topsep|.
% Bearing in mind our attempts to maintain the regularity of the line grid,
% the exact value of this space has to be set with some care.
% \begin{macrocode}
%</octavo>
%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
\setlength\partopsep{0.5\baselineskip \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@beginparpenalty}
% \begin{macro}{\@endparpenalty}
% \begin{macro}{\@itempenalty}
% These are the penalties incurred before and after a list or paragraph
% environment, and set to a bonus value to encourage a page break at these
% points.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*octavo>
\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
%</octavo>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@listi}
% \begin{macro}{\@listI}
% The macro |\@listi| sets the values of |\leftmargin|, |\parsep|, |\topsep|,
% |\itemsep|, and so forth, for the lists that appear at top level. These
% definitions are usually modified in function of the fount-size in use.
% As we wish to maintain the printing grid, these adjustments are not used
% here. Just to be on the safe side though, we define listI to hold a copy of
% listi so that |\normalsize| can switch all parameters back.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
\def\@listi{%
\leftmargin\leftmargini
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*10pt>
\parsep \z@
\topsep 6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\itemsep \z@}
%</10pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*11pt>
\parsep \z@
\topsep 6.6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
\itemsep \z@}
%</11pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*12pt>
\parsep \z@
\topsep 7.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
\itemsep \z@}
%</12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\@listI\@listi
\@listi
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@listii}
% \begin{macro}{\@listiii}
% \begin{macro}{\@listiv}
% \begin{macro}{\@listv}
% \begin{macro}{\@listvi}
% Lists at higher levels need their own macros, and here they are. These do
% not have a saved version, and are not modified by fount size commands.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\@listii{%
\leftmargin\leftmarginii
\labelwidth\leftmarginii
\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
\itemsep \parsep}
\def\@listiii{%
\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
\labelwidth\leftmarginiii
\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
\itemsep \parsep}
\def\@listiv{%
\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
\labelwidth\leftmarginiv
\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
\itemsep \parsep}
\def\@listv{%
\leftmargin\leftmarginv
\labelwidth\leftmarginv
\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
\itemsep \parsep}
\def\@listvi{%
\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
\labelwidth\leftmarginvi
\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
\itemsep \parsep}
%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Enumerate}
% \begin{macro}{\theenumi}
% \begin{macro}{\theenumii}
% \begin{macro}{\theenumiii}
% \begin{macro}{\theenumiv}
% The \emph{enumerate} environment uses four counters, where \emph{enumN}
% controls the numbering at level N of the enumeration. These counters have
% been defined by \LaTeX, but we use a different representation here.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*octavo>
\renewcommand\theenumi{\@arabic\c@enumi}
\renewcommand\theenumii{\@alph\c@enumii}
\renewcommand\theenumiii{\@roman\c@enumiii}
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@Alph\c@enumiv}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\labelenumi}
% \begin{macro}{\labelenumii}
% \begin{macro}{\labelenumiii}
% \begin{macro}{\labelenumiv}
% The label for each item in generated by these commands
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\labelenumi{\theenumi.}
\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
\newcommand\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\p@enumii}
% \begin{macro}{\p@enumiii}
% \begin{macro}{\p@enumiv}
% The expanding of |\p@enumN\theenumN| defines the output of a |\ref|
% command when referencing an item at the Nth level in an enumerated list.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\p@enumii{\theenumi}
\renewcommand\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
\renewcommand\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Itemise}
% \begin{macro}{\labelitemi}
% \begin{macro}{\labelitemii}
% \begin{macro}{\labelitemiii}
% \begin{macro}{\labelitemiv}
% Itemising is governed by four commands, |\labelitemN|, defining the labels
% at the various levels.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\labelitemi{\normalfont\bfseries --}
\newcommand\labelitemii{$\m@th\cdot$}
\newcommand\labelitemiii{$\m@th\bullet$}
\newcommand\labelitemiv{$\m@th\ast$}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Description}
% \begin{macro}{description}
% The \emph{itemize} and \emph{enumerate} environments are defined by
% \LaTeX, but we have to define the description environment here.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{description}
{\list{}%
{\labelwidth\z@%
\itemindent-\leftmargin%
\let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}%
{\endlist}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\descriptionlabel}
% To change the format of the label, redefine |\descriptionlabel|
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand*\descriptionlabel[1]{%
\hspace\labelsep%
\normalfont\bfseries #1}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Defining new environments}
% A number of separate environments for specific bodies of text can be
% specified at class level. In the context of writing and making books,
% here are a number of such environments.
%
% \subsubsection{Verse}
% \begin{macro}{verse}
% A simple way of implementing the requirements of typesetting verse.
% The environment is defined by tweaking some parameters of the list
% environment. Each line of verse ends with a |\\|, and the macro takes
% this to be |\@centercr|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{verse}
{\let\\=\@centercr
\list{}{\itemsep \z@
\itemindent -1.5em%
\listparindent\itemindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Quotation}
% \begin{macro}{quotation}
% Also an implementation based on the list environment. Lines of the
% quotation are set more narrowly.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{quotation}
{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
\itemindent \listparindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\parsep \z@}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Quote}
% \begin{macro}{quote}
% For short quotations, the text is set as a quotation but without the
% narrowing of the line length.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{quote}
{\list{}%
{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
\item[]}
{\endlist}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Titlepage}
% \begin{macro}{titlepage}
% A titlepage starts and ends a page, and omits the folio. If the text is
% typeset in double columns, this page alone reverts to single column mode.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{titlepage}{%
\cleardoublepage
\if@twocolumn
\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
\else
\@restonecolfalse\newpage
\fi
\thispagestyle{empty}}%
{\if@restonecol
\twocolumn
\else
\newpage
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsubsection{Appendix}
% \begin{macro}{\appendix}
% Typesetting appendices is somewhat different from the other chapters. We
% have to reset section and subsection counters and redefine the macro
% |\thesection| so that it produces an alphabetic enumeration of the
% appendices. We also set |\@chapapp| to |\appendixname|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\appendix{\par
\setcounter{chapter}{0}%
\setcounter{section}{0}%
\renewcommand\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
\renewcommand\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Setting environment parameters}
% \begin{macro}{\arraycolsep}
% Columns in an |array| environment are separated by 2 |\arraycolsep|
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\tabcolsep}
% Columns in a |tabular| environment are separated by 2 |\tabcolsep|
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\arrayrulewidth}
% The width of the lines in |array| and |tabular| environments
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\doublerulesep}
% When rules are adjacent in |array| and |tabular| environments, this is
% how far apart they are drawn
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\tabbingsep}
% Defines the space requested by the |\'| command in the text
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@mpfootins}
% The equivalent of |\skip\footins| for footnotes appearing in minipages.
% \begin{macrocode}
\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\fboxsep}
% \begin{macro}{\fboxrule}
% When using |\fbox| or |\framebox|, these macros define the amount of space
% left between box and text, and the width of the rules in the box.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\theequation}
% Contrary to what is often seen in mathematical texts, here we number
% equations continuously throughout the text. Cross-referencing is just so
% easy in TeX that there is not really any need for a different numbering
% system.
% \changes{1.1}{2003/10/10}{Equations numbered continuously}
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\theequation{\@arabic\c@equation}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \subsection{Floating objects}
% Floats cover a variety of object types. Here, we deal with two different
% types: figure, and table. The typesetting of floats is of course governed
% by a number of specific macros.
% \begin{description}
% \item{|\fps@TYPE|} The default placement of TYPE floats
% \item{|\ftype@TYPE|} The type number of floats or type TYPE. These are
% unique, powers of 2. For example, the type number of figures might be
% 1, tables 2, programs 4.
% \item{|\ext@TYPE|} File extension of the file in which the contents list
% of the TYPE floats is stored (example: |\ext@figure|=`lof'
% \item{|fnum@TYPE|} The macro which generates the number for the caption of
% the TYPE float.
% \item{|\@makecaption|\meta{num}\meta{text}} The macro to make a caption
% with \meta{num} the value produced by |\fnum@TYPE| and \meta{text} the
% text of the caption (in a |\parbox| of appropriate width). It is used
% for all floating objects.
% \end{description}
%
% \begin{macro}{\c@figure}
% The format of the counter of figures. Often, the chapter number is part
% of the number, as this supposedly makes it easier to find the figure again,
% but that seems rather a poor justification, especially in the light of the
% excellent capabilities of \TeX\ of making cross references.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcounter{figure}
\renewcommand\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\fps@figure}
% \begin{macro}{\ftype@figure}
% \begin{macro}{\ext@figure}
% \begin{macro}{\num@figure}
% These are the parameters dealing with the `figure' floats.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\fps@figure{tbp}
\def\ftype@figure{1}
\def\ext@figure{lof}
\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{figure}
% \begin{macro}{figure*}
% Here we define the actual floating figure environments. The starred version
% is used for double-column figures.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{figure}
{\@float{figure}}
{\end@float}
\newenvironment{figure*}
{\@dblfloat{figure}}
{\end@dblfloat}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\c@table}
% And now for tables as floats. The numbering of tables follows the same
% ideas as that of figures.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcounter{table}
\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\fps@table}
% \begin{macro}{\ftype@table}
% \begin{macro}{\ext@table}
% \begin{macro}{\num@table}
% Define the parameters for table floats.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\fps@table{tbp}
\def\ftype@table{2}
\def\ext@table{lot}
\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{table}
% \begin{macro}{table*}
% Here we define the actual floating table environments. The starred version
% is used for double-column tables.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{table}
{\@float{table}}
{\end@float}
\newenvironment{table*}
{\@dblfloat{table}}
{\end@dblfloat}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@makecaption}
% The |\caption| macro calls |\@makecaption| to typeset the caption of the
% floating object. It uses the arguments \meta{number} and \meta{text}, so
% that number and captiontext can be typeset. The macro assumes, rightly,
% that it is called inside a |\parbox| of appropriate width.
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\abovecaptionskip}
% \begin{macro}{\belowcaptionskip}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newlength\abovecaptionskip
\newlength\belowcaptionskip
\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% The definition of the macro is |\long|, allowing more than a single
% paragraph to be put into the caption.
% \begin{macrocode}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
\vskip\abovecaptionskip
% \end{macrocode}
% In order to see if the caption text fits on a single line, we typeset it
% temporarily into a box.
% \begin{macrocode}
\sbox\@tempboxa{#1: #2}%
% \end{macrocode}
% Now measure the width of the box. If it exceeds the current |\hsize| then
% the caption text has to be set as an ordinary paragraph.
% \begin{macrocode}
\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
#1: #2\par
% \end{macrocode}
% If the text fits, center it on the line. This means using a |\hbox| in
% vertical mode, hence the |\everypar| tokens are not executed. What could
% be needed, if at all, is a resetting of the `minipage' flag, so we do that
% here explicitly.
% \begin{macrocode}
\else
\global \@minipagefalse
\hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
\fi
\vskip\belowcaptionskip}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \section{Cross referencing}
% Commands like |\section| or |\caption| write a contentsline to an
% appropriate file.
% The line |\contentsline{section}{|\meta{title}|}{|\meta{page}|}| is
% written to the |.toc| file by the |\section| command. If sections
% are numbered, the \meta{title} will show up as |\numberline{|\meta{num}
% |}{|\meta{heading}|}|, the \meta{num} is the number generated by
% |\thesection|.
%
% Similarly, the |\caption| command in a figure environment writes to a
% |.lof| file the line |\contentsline{figure}{\numberline{|\meta{num}|}{|
% \meta{caption}|}}{|\meta{page}|}|.
%
% The |\contentsline{|\meta{name}|}| command expands to |\l@|\meta{name}.
% Hence, we have to define |\l@chapter|, |\l@section| and so on, and for
% figures the similar |\l@figure|. These can be defined conveniently with the
% command |\@dottedtocline{|\meta{level}|}{|\meta{indent}|}{|\meta{numwidth}
% |}{|\meta{title}|}{|\meta{page}|}|.
% \begin{description}
% \item{\meta{level}} An entry is only produced if \meta{level} is smaller or
% equal to the \emph{tocdepth} counter, with chapters being level 0,
% sections level 1 and so on.
% \item{\meta{indent}} Defines the indentation from the outer left margin of
% the contentsline.
% \item{\meta{numwidth}} Defines the width of the box containing the section
% number, if the \meta{title} includes a |\numberline|.
% \end{description}
%
% \subsection{Table of contents, etc.}
% \begin{macro}{\@pnumwidth}
% \begin{macro}{\@tocrmargin}
% \begin{macro}{\@dotsep}
% The three parameters control the appearance of the contents. Their
% definition through the |\newcommand| allows the use of the `em' measure,
% meaning that the sizes defined can depend on the fount used. The role of
% |\@pnumwidth| is to define the width of the box containing the page number.
% |\@tocrmargin| defines the right margin for multi-line entries, obviously
% it is a good idea ot have |\@tocrmarg| $\leq$ |\@pnumwidth|. Finally, the
% separation between the dots on contentslines in mu units is given as a
% real number by |\@dotsep|. From a design perspective, these dots are very
% unattractive, and an easy way of avoiding them appearing is to set the
% separation to a very high number.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
\newcommand\@dotsep{4500}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\tableofcontents}
% This is the request for the production of a table of contents. Such a
% table is always typeset as a single column, so it might be necessary
% to switch temporarily to single-column mode.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
\newcommand\tableofcontents{%
\if@twocolumn
\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
\else
\@restonecolfalse
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% The title is set with |\chapter*|, to ensure that a possible running head
% contains the correct information
% \begin{macrocode}
\chapter*{\contentsname
\@mkboth{%
\MakeUppercase\contentsname}
{\MakeUppercase\contentsname}}%
% \end{macrocode}
% The actual table of contents itself is typeset by calling
% |\@starttoc{toc}|. If necessary, we also switch back to double-column mode.
% \begin{macrocode}
\@starttoc{toc}%
\if@restonecol
\twocolumn
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\l@part}
% The sectioning commands require additional macros to format the entries
% in the table of contents. Of these various entries, the entry for parts
% is somewhat more involved. First of all, ensure that if a pagebreak may
% be imminent, it should occur before the entry of a part. The addition of
% a little white space and the beginning of a group to keep changes local
% occupies us here as well.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
\ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%
\addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
\begingroup
% \end{macrocode}
% Set |\parindent| to 0pt, and use |\rightskip| to reserve enough room for
% the page numbers. The |\parfillskip| is made negative so that no overfull
% box messages are issued.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\@tempdima{3em}%
\parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
\parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
% \end{macrocode}
% Set the entry in large fount, and do a bit of housekeeping before
% finishing the macro.
% \begin{macrocode}
{\leavevmode
\large #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
\nobreak
\global\@nobreaktrue
\everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}
\endgroup
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\l@chapter}
% The entries of chapters is very similar to that of parts, and the
% definition of the macro follows the same lines.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand*\l@chapter[2]{%
\ifnum \c@tocdepth >\m@ne
\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%
\vskip 1.0em \@plus\p@
% \end{macrocode}
% The |\numberline| macro needs the width of the box holding the number of
% the chapter to be in the scratch |\@tempdima|. Also, begin a new group and
% change some of the paragraph parameters.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
\begingroup
\parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
\parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
\leavevmode
% \end{macrocode}
% As we do no use |\numberline|, some manual adjustments are needed before
% typesetting the entry. A pagebreak following a chapter entry should be
% discouraged but not forbidden.
% \begin{macrocode}
\advance\leftskip\@tempdima
\hskip -\leftskip
#1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
\penalty\@highpenalty
\endgroup
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\l@section}
% \begin{macro}{\l@subsection}
% \begin{macro}{\l@subsubsection}
% \begin{macro}{\l@paragraph}
% \begin{macro}{\l@subparagraph}
% The lower level entries are all governed by the |\@dottedtocline| macro.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{10em}{5em}}
\newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{12em}{6em}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\listoffigures}
% This is the request to produce a list of figures, and very similar in
% construction to |\tableofcontents|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\listoffigures{%
\if@twocolumn
\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
\else
\@restonecolfalse
\fi
\chapter*{\listfigurename
\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}}%
\@starttoc{lof}%
\if@restonecol\twocolumn
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\l@figure}
% The macro which produces the actual entry in the list of figures.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\listoftables}
% The request to make a list of tables is given through this macro. Once
% again, it is very similar to the |\tableofcontents| macro.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\listoftables{%
\if@twocolumn
\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
\else
\@restonecolfalse
\fi
\chapter*{\listtablename
\@mkboth{%
\MakeUppercase\listtablename}{\MakeUppercase\listtablename}}%
\@starttoc{lot}%
\if@restonecol\twocolumn
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\l@table}
% The macro which produces the actual entry in the list of tables.
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\l@table\l@figure
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Bibliography}
% \begin{macro}{\bibindent}
% The open bibliography format uses the indentation set by |\bibindent|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newdimen\bibindent
\bibindent=1.5em
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{thebibliography}
% The environment is based on a generic list environment, using the
% \emph{enumiv} as internal counter to generate the labels of the list. If
% and empty \emph{thebibliography} environment is found, issue a warning.
% The environment executes a number of commands: |\sloppy| is used because
% it is hard to do line breaks in bibliographies, |\sfcode`\.=1000\relax| is
% issued so that a period does not produce and end-of-sequence space.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
{\chapter*{\bibname
\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\bibname}
{\MakeUppercase\bibname}}%
\list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
{\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
\leftmargin\labelwidth
\advance\leftmargin\labelsep
\if@openbib
\advance\leftmargin\bibindent
\itemindent -\bibindent
\listparindent \itemindent
\parsep \z@
\fi
\usecounter{enumiv}%
\let\p@enumiv\@empty
\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
\if@openbib
\renewcommand\newblock{\par}%
\else
\renewcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em \@plus.33em \@minus.07em}%
\fi
\sloppy
% \end{macrocode}
% Reset parameters to their previous values before leaving the environment
% \begin{macrocode}
\clubpenalty4000
\@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
\widowpenalty4000
\sfcode`\.=\@m}
{\def\@noitemerr
{\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
\endlist}
\newcommand\newblock{}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{The index}
% \begin{macro}{theindex}
% The index environment procudes a two-column index, with each new entry
% having its own paragraph. In the text, the commands |\item|, |\subitem| and
% |\subsubitem| are available to produce index entries at three levels.
% Each time a new letter of the alphabet is encountered, an |\indexspace|
% amount of white space can be inserted.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newenvironment{theindex}
{\if@twocolumn
\@restonecolfalse
\else
\@restonecoltrue
\fi
\columnseprule \z@
\columnsep 35\p@
\twocolumn[\@makeschapterhead{\indexname}]%
\@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
\thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
\parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
\let\item\@idxitem}
% \end{macrocode}
% In case more text follows the index, and the document was typeset in
% single-column mode, switch back to the one column mode before finishing
% the index.
% \begin{macrocode}
{\if@restonecol
\onecolumn
\else
\clearpage
\fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@idxitem}
% \begin{macro}{\subitem}
% \begin{macro}{\subsubitem}
% The macros which typeset the actual index entries
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
\newcommand\subitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@ \hspace*{20\p@}}
\newcommand\subsubitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@ \hspace*{30\p@}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\indexspace}
% Define the amount of white space to insert between letter blocks in
% the index.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \subsection{Footnotes}
% \begin{macro}{\footnoterule}
% Footnotes are often separated from the body of the text by a small rule.
% To ensure that such a rule does not take up any vertical space, we have
% to compensate for the height of the rule (of 0.4pt) by adding some vertical
% skip. But we also have to avoid the rule from colliding with the footnote
% text, so we add first a bit of negative skip, and make sure that we end up
% eventually at the point where we began.
% \begin{macrocode}
\renewcommand\footnoterule{%
\kern-3\p@
\hrule\@width.4\columnwidth
\kern2.6\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\c@footnote}
% Footnotes are numbered within chapters, so we have to restart the numbering
% when beginning a new chapter.
% \begin{macrocode}
\@addtoreset{footnote}{chapter}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@makefntext}
% The macro which produces the footnote. We use a simple macro, in which the
% footnote text is typeset like a normal paragraph, without indentation
% except for its first line. The footnote markers printed in the text, which
% refer to the actual footnotes are produced by the macro |\@makefnmark|.
% Here we take over the default definition without change.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
\parindent 1em%
\noindent
\hb@xt@1.8em{\hss\@makefnmark}#1}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \section{Initialisation}
% \subsection{Heading names}
% The names of most of the headings can be (re)defined, and here we set
% these names to their English equivalent. They can be renamed in the
% text file through the |\renewcommand|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
\newcommand\bibname{Bibliography}
\newcommand\indexname{Index}
\newcommand\figurename{Figure}
\newcommand\tablename{Table}
\newcommand\partname{Part}
\newcommand\chaptername{Chapter}
\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \subsection{Date}
% \begin{macro}{\today}
% The macro |\today| relies on the \TeX\ macros |\month|, |\day| and |year|
% generate the date of the \LaTeX\ run. The macro has been re-arranged from
% the standard \LaTeX\ format to conform to European usage, that is,
% day month year sequence.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\today{\number\day \ \ifcase\month\or
January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
\ \number\year}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Double columns}
% \begin{macro}{\columnsep}
% \begin{macro}{\columnseprule}
% The macros define the distance between the two columns, and the width of
% rule separating the columns. Such a rule is usually unattractive and serves
% no real purpose for the reader: it is therefore set to 0pt.
% \begin{macrocode}
\setlength\columnsep{10\p@}
\setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Page style}
% Set the default page style to \emph{heading} and set the folio style to
% \emph{arabic}
% \begin{macrocode}
\pagestyle{headings}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
% \end{macrocode}
% If |twocolumn| was chosen as an option for typesetting the text, activate
% the double column mode with |\twocolumn|. Try to keep the columns balanced
% but do not make things too hard, hence issue a |\sloppy| command as well.
% Normally, call the |\onecolumn| macro to typeset in a single column.
% \begin{macrocode}
\if@twocolumn
\twocolumn
\sloppy
\flushbottom
\else
\onecolumn
\fi
%</octavo>
% \end{macrocode}
%
% End of file `octavo.cls'.
% \Finale
% \PrintIndex
% \PrintChanges
\endinput